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  Production of Sanitary Stoneware Toilets
- including essentials of model & mold making -

Ceramic Product Development Starts with Model and Mold Making                                   
 
The basics of model and mold making are described in the book, per this link,       Plaster of Paris Techniques.  Plaster of Paris is well suited to the task, but numerous other materials work, the basics being the same.

These rubber master molds of the sanitary stoneware toilet resemble the finished toilet 
 
11 - toilet rubber master assembled.jpg
Forming the mold of the urine pan of the sanitary stoneware toilet starts with the setup shown at right.  Thickening plaster-of-paris is placed over the screen of the setup.  A straight-edge is then skimmed repeatedly  over the plaster surface until the model that's shown below is true to form.
13 - setup for forming model of urine pan.jpg
10 - plaster model of toilet pan.jpg
The surface of the urine pan of the toilet is shown prior to smoothing this down.  To smooth this, a straight edge is use along with sandpaper.
The skills of model and mold making are vital for ceramic manufacturing along with the capacity of building improved kilns. These skills are essential to the industrialization from the grassroots of developing countries.  These skills support essential products in the short term, like ceramic water filters, cookstoves, and sanitary toilets. In the long term, however, model and mold making and improved kilns are crucial for sustainable development.
4 - toilet pan molds epoxy to rubber.jpg
8 - foot rest - rubber mold to concrete to clay.jpg
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